Cycle symmetry, limit theorems, and fluctuation theorems for diffusion processes on the circle

Cyclic structure and dynamics are of great interest in both the fields of stochastic processes and nonequilibrium statistical physics. In this paper, we find a new symmetry of the Brownian motion named as the quasi-time-reversal invariance. It turns out that such an invariance of the Brownian motion is the key to prove the cycle symmetry for diffusion processes on the circle, which says that the distributions of the forming times of the forward and backward cycles, given that the corresponding cycle is formed earlier than the other, are exactly the same. With the aid of the cycle symmetry, we prove the strong law of large numbers, functional central limit theorem, and large deviation principle for the sample circulations and net circulations of diffusion processes on the circle. The cycle symmetry is further applied to obtain various types of fluctuation theorems for the sample circulations, net circulation, and entropy production rate.Comment: 28 page

Between hierarchy and market: industrial reform in the People\u27s Republic of China in an institutional perspective

By employing an institutional perspective, this study analyzes industrial reform in the People\u27s Republic of China (PRC), particularly the reform of state-enterprise relations since 1978. By viewing institutional reform as a process of changing rules and procedures governing both state-enterprise relations and micro-economic organizational behavior, the study gives a detailed account of the evolutionary process of the PRC\u27s industrial reform and of the continuities and discontinuities that this reform has involved. Using Kornai\u27s theoretical framework, particularly the concepts of paternalism and soft budget constraints, phenomena seen as symptomatic of the syndromes described by Kornai were analyzed through governmental documents, state-enterprise contracts, and statistical data. This study argues that the emerging mode of governance in China\u27s industrial economy is characterized by what Kornai termed dual dependence. Under such a condition, the PRC\u27s state-enterprise relations are characterized by the persistence of paternalism and soft budget constraints;By using a multilevel analysis statistical technique, this study demonstrates the institutional effects of the state-imposed price structure and argues that, without a decisive change in the ownership system and synchronized price reform, it will be impossible for the PRC to escape the dilemmas of such dependence

Distilling Word Embeddings: An Encoding Approach

Distilling knowledge from a well-trained cumbersome network to a small one has recently become a new research topic, as lightweight neural networks with high performance are particularly in need in various resource-restricted systems. This paper addresses the problem of distilling word embeddings for NLP tasks. We propose an encoding approach to distill task-specific knowledge from a set of high-dimensional embeddings, which can reduce model complexity by a large margin as well as retain high accuracy, showing a good compromise between efficiency and performance. Experiments in two tasks reveal the phenomenon that distilling knowledge from cumbersome embeddings is better than directly training neural networks with small embeddings.Comment: Accepted by CIKM-16 as a short paper, and by the Representation Learning for Natural Language Processing (RL4NLP) Workshop @ACL-16 for presentatio